Exophoria
Exophoria is a form of heterophoria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward.
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The axis deviation is usually mild compared to exotropia.
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The axis deviation in exophoria is usually mild compared with that of exotropia .
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Fusion is possible, making diplopia uncommon.
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Unlike exotropia , fusion is possible in this condition, causing diplopia to be uncommon.
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It is common in infancy and childhood and increases with age.
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Exophoria is common in infancy and childhood , and increases with age.
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Causes include refractive errors, divergence excess, and convergence insufficiency.
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Refractive errors – distance and near deviation approximately equal. Divergence excess - exodeviation is more than 15 dioptres greater for distance than near deviation. Convergence insufficiency – near exodeviation greater than distance deviation.
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It can be due to nerve, muscle, congenital problems, or mechanical anomalies.
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These can be due to nerve , muscle , or congenital problems, or due to mechanical anomalies.
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Diplopia is uncommon.
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causing diplopia to be uncommon.
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During examination, dissociating the eyes causes the visual axes to diverge.
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when the eyes are dissociated, the visual axes will appear to diverge away from one another.
| Exophoria | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Ophthalmology |
Exophoria is a form of heterophoria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward.[1] During examination, when the eyes are dissociated, the visual axes will appear to diverge away from one another.[2]
The axis deviation in exophoria is usually mild compared with that of exotropia.
Exophoria can be caused by several factors, which include:[citation needed]
- Refractive errors – distance and near deviation approximately equal.
- Divergence excess - exodeviation is more than 15 dioptres greater for distance than near deviation.
- Convergence insufficiency – near exodeviation greater than distance deviation.
These can be due to nerve, muscle, or congenital problems, or due to mechanical anomalies. Unlike exotropia, fusion is possible in this condition, causing diplopia to be uncommon.[citation needed]
Exophoria is common in infancy and childhood, and increases with age.[3][clarification needed]
- ↑ (1899). The science of higher prisms. Harvard University: G. K. Hazlitt 6 Co., printer. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-02-235217-9.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ↑ Grosvenor, Theodore (2007). Primary Care Optometry 5th Ed. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-7506-7575-8.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Freier BE, Pickwell LD (1983). "Physiological exophoria". Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 3 (3): 267–272. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1983.tb00613.x. PMID 6646761. S2CID 11180397.