Lattice corneal dystrophy
Lattice corneal dystrophy is a rare form of corneal dystrophy characterized by accumulation of amyloid deposits throughout the middle and anterior stroma.
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It has no systemic manifestations, unlike type II.
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It has no systemic manifestations, unlike the other type of the dystrophy, Lattice corneal dystrophy type II.
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The disease is bilateral and usually noted before the end of the first decade of life.
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The disease is bilateral, usually noted before the end of the first decade of life.
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It was first described by Swiss ophthalmologist Hugo Biber in 1890.
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Lattice corneal dystrophy was first described by Swiss ophthalmologist Hugo Biber in 1890.
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There are three types: type I (no systemic association, TGFBI mutation), type II (Finnish type amyloidosis, gelsolin accumulation), and type III (onset age 70-90, no systemic amyloidosis).
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Lattice corneal dystrophy has three types:
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Filamentous opacities appear with intertwining delicate branching processes creating a lattice effect.
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Filamentous opacities appear in the cornea with intertwining delicate branching processes.
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Over time, lattice lines grow opaque, converge, and cause corneal cloudiness that may reduce vision.
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Over time, the lattice lines will grow opaque and involve more of the stroma. They will also gradually converge, giving the cornea a cloudiness that may also reduce vision.
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Even blinking can be painful.
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Even the involuntary act of blinking can be painful.
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In systemic cases, kidney failure, heart failure, neuropathy, facial nerve palsy, and skin laxity may occur.
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In systemic cases, kidney failure, heart failure and neuropathy such as facial nerve palsy, laxity of the skin may be noted.
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Biomicroscopy shows branches spread on the corneal stroma resembling ghost vessels.
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In the examination of biomicroscopy, it appears as branches spread on the corneal stroma in the appearance of ghost vessels.
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Diagnosis can be confirmed with anterior segment OCT.
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diagnosis can also be confirmed with anterior segment OCT (Visante OCT, spectral domain OCT).
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Amyloid deposits are found throughout the corneal stroma, with opaque areas accumulating in the central stroma while peripheral cornea remains relatively transparent.
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Amyloid deposits are found throughout the corneal stroma. Linear and other shaped opaque areas accumulate particularly within the central corneal stroma, while the peripheral cornea remains relatively transparent.
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Recurrent corneal erosions may precede corneal opacities and appear in individuals without recognizable stromal disease.
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Recurrent corneal erosions may precede the corneal opacities and even appear in individuals lacking recognizable stromal disease.
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Eye drops and ointments may be prescribed to reduce friction on the eroded cornea.
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a doctor may prescribe eye drops and ointments to reduce the friction on the eroded cornea.
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An eye patch may be used to immobilize the eyelids.
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In some cases, an eye patch may be used to immobilize the eyelids.
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Punctal plugs can reduce the amount of drops used and aid ocular stability for dry eyes.
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a new technique involving the insertion of punctal plugs (both upper and lower) can reduce the amount of drops used a day, aiding ocular stability.
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Corneal transplantation may be needed when scarring under the epithelium obscures vision.
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By about age 40, some people with lattice dystrophy will have scarring under the epithelium, resulting in a haze on the cornea that can greatly obscure vision. In this case, a corneal transplantation may be needed.
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Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) using excimer laser can restore and preserve visual function.
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Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) using [Excimer laser] can restore and preserve useful visual function for a significant period of time in patients with anterior corneal dystrophies.
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Early lattice and recurrent lattice in donor cornea responds well to excimer laser treatment.
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Early lattice and recurrent lattice arising in the donor cornea responds well to treatment with the excimer laser.
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Scarring under the epithelium by about age 40 can greatly obscure vision.
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By about age 40, some people with lattice dystrophy will have scarring under the epithelium, resulting in a haze on the cornea that can greatly obscure vision.
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The disease may recur in the donor cornea in as little as three years after transplantation.
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the disease may also arise in the donor cornea in as little as three years.
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About half of transplant patients had a recurrence between two and 26 years, with 15 percent requiring a second transplant.
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about half of the transplant patients with lattice dystrophy had a recurrence of the disease between two and 26 years after the operation. Of these, 15 percent required a second corneal transplant.
Erosions usually heal within three to seven days, though pain sensations may persist for six-to-eight weeks. Patients have an excellent chance for successful corneal transplantation, but the disease may recur in the donor cornea in as little as three years, with about half of transplant patients experiencing recurrence between two and 26 years.
| Lattice corneal dystrophy type | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Biber-Haab-Dimmer dystrophy |
| A network of thick linear corneal opacities in patient with a variant of LCD1 (LCD type III) due to a homozygous p. Leu527Arg mutation in the TGFBI gene | |
| Specialty | Ophthalmology |
Lattice corneal dystrophy type is a rare form of corneal dystrophy. It has no systemic manifestations, unlike the other type of the dystrophy, Lattice corneal dystrophy type II. Lattice corneal dystrophy was first described by Swiss ophthalmologist Hugo Biber in 1890.[1]
Lattice dystrophy gets its name from an accumulation of amyloid deposits, or abnormal protein fibers, throughout the middle and anterior stroma.
Filamentous opacities appear in the cornea with intertwining delicate branching processes. During an eye examination, the doctor sees these deposits in the stroma as clear, comma-shaped overlapping dots and branching filaments, creating a lattice effect. Over time, the lattice lines will grow opaque and involve more of the stroma. They will also gradually converge, giving the cornea a cloudiness that may also reduce vision. The disease is bilateral, usually noted before the end of the first decade of life. Although lattice dystrophy can occur at any time in life, the condition usually arises in children between the ages of two and seven.[citation needed]
In some people, these abnormal protein fibers can accumulate under the cornea's outer layer—the epithelium. This can cause erosion of the epithelium. This condition is known as recurrent epithelial erosion. These erosions alter the cornea's normal curvature, resulting in temporary vision problems, and expose the nerves that line the cornea, causing severe pain. Even the involuntary act of blinking can be painful.
In systemic cases, kidney failure, heart failure and neuropathy such as facial nerve palsy, laxity of the skin may be noted.[2]
Lattice corneal dystrophy has three types:[3]
- type I: with no systemic association. It is caused by mutations in TGFBI gene encoding keratoepithelin, which maps to chromosome 5q.
- type II or Finnish type amyloidosis: associated with manifestations of systemic amyloidosis due to accumulation of gelsolin.[4] Associated conditions may include cutis laxa[5] and ataxia.[6]
- type III is also described which has an onset at age 70 to 90 years and is not associated with systemic amyloidosis.[3]
In the examination of biomicroscopy, it appears as branches spread on the corneal stroma in the appearance of ghost vessels. diagnosis can also be confirmed with anterior segment OCT (Visante OCT, spectral domain OCT).The interwoven linear opaque filaments have some resemblance to NERVES, but may not be observed in all affected members of families with the condition. Recurrent corneal erosions may precede the corneal opacities and even appear in individuals lacking recognizable stromal disease. Amyloid deposits are found throughout the corneal stroma. Linear and other shaped opaque areas accumulate particularly within the central corneal stroma, while the peripheral cornea remains relatively transparent.[citation needed]
In case of corneal erosion, a doctor may prescribe eye drops and ointments to reduce the friction on the eroded cornea. In some cases, an eye patch may be used to immobilize the eyelids. With effective care, these erosions usually heal within three to seven days, although occasional sensations of pain may occur for the next six-to-eight weeks. As patients with LCD suffer with dry eyes as a result of erosion, a new technique involving the insertion of punctal plugs (both upper and lower) can reduce the amount of drops used a day, aiding ocular stability.[citation needed]
By about age 40, some people with lattice dystrophy will have scarring under the epithelium, resulting in a haze on the cornea that can greatly obscure vision. In this case, a corneal transplantation may be needed. There have been many cases in which teenage patients have had the procedure, which accounts for the change in severity of the condition from person to person.[citation needed]
Although people with lattice dystrophy have an excellent chance for a successful corneal transplantation, the disease may also arise in the donor cornea in as little as three years. In one study, about half of the transplant patients with lattice dystrophy had a recurrence of the disease between two and 26 years after the operation. Of these, 15 percent required a second corneal transplant. Early lattice and recurrent lattice arising in the donor cornea responds well to treatment with the excimer laser.[citation needed]
Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) using [Excimer laser] can restore and preserve useful visual function for a significant period of time in patients with anterior corneal dystrophies.[3]
- ↑ H. Biber: Über einige seltenere Hornhauterkrankungen. Zürich, 1890. Inaugural Dissertation, Zurich, 1890. Cited by O. Haab: Die gittrige Keratitis.
- ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 105120
- 1 2 3 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 122200
- ↑ de la Chapelle A, Kere J, Sack GH, Tolvanen R, Maury CP (July 1992). "Familial amyloidosis, Finnish type: G654----a mutation of the gelsolin gene in Finnish families and an unrelated American family". Genomics. 13 (3): 898–901. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90182-R. PMID 1322359.
- ↑ Kiuru-Enari S, Keski-Oja J, Haltia M (February 2005). "Cutis laxa in hereditary gelsolin amyloidosis". Br. J. Dermatol. 152 (2): 250–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06276.x. PMID 15727635.
- ↑ Tanskanen M, Paetau A, Salonen O, et al. (March 2007). "Severe ataxia with neuropathy in hereditary gelsolin amyloidosis: a case report". Amyloid. 14 (1): 89–95. doi:10.1080/13506120601116393. PMID 17453628.